The Relationship between Injury Characteristics and Post-Traumatic Recovery after Diffuse Axonal Injury.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and prognosis of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) remain challenging. This research aimed to analyze the impact on activities of daily living (ADL), functional outcomes, quality of life (QoL), and the association between lesion severity and DAI location identified through imaging exams. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 95 patients diagnosed with DAI. Data were collected at admission, three, six, and twelve months post-injury. The associations between variables were evaluated using a mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Functional recovery and QoL improved between three and twelve months after DAI. An interaction was observed between independence in performing ADL and subarachnoid hemorrhage (p = 0.043) and intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.012). Additionally, an interaction over time was observed between the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and DAI severity (p < 0.001), brain lesions (p = 0.014), and the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) with injury in brain hemispheres (p = 0.026) and Adams classification (p = 0.013). Interaction effects over time were observed with the general health perceptions and energy/vitality domains with intraventricular hemorrhage, and the social functioning domain with the obliteration of basal cisterns and Gentry's classification. CONCLUSION: The use of CT in the acute phase of DAI is important for predicting outcomes. The severity and location of DAI are associated with functional outcomes, ADL, and QoL.

Safety of nursing professionals and patient facing COVID-19 pandemic in critical care unit / Segurança dos profissionais de enfermagem e do paciente frente à pandemia da COVID-19 em unidades críticas / Seguridad de los profesionales de enfermería y del paciente ante la pandemia de COVID-19 en unidades críticas

Abstract Objective: to evaluate nursing professionals and patient safety culture during the professional performance in the care of suspected or infected patients with COVID-19. Method: a cross-sectional study carried out with 90 professionals from critical care units of two teaching hospitals. An instrument for sociodemographic characterization and health conditions was used, in addition to the constructs "Nursing professional and patient safety" and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Univariate analyzes were performed between the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the characteristics of Nursing professionals, applying Kendell's correlation between the constructs. Results: the COVID-19 diagnosis presented a significant statistical difference between nursing professionals that worked for more than six years at the critical care unit (p=0.020) and the items of the construct "Nursing professional and patient safety" regarding the doubts about how to remove the personal protective equipment (p=0.013) and safety flow (p=0,021). The dimensions 2 (p=0.003), 3 (p=0.009), 4 (p=0.013), 6 (p<0.001), and 9 (p=0.024) of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture were associated with the accomplishment of training. Conclusion: a higher professional nursing experience time was associated with non-infection by COVID-19. The perception of the safety culture of the patient was related to the accomplishment of training.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar a segurança dos profissionais de enfermagem e a cultura de segurança do paciente durante a atuação profissional no atendimento de pacientes suspeitos ou com COVID-19. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 90 profissionais de unidades críticas de dois hospitais-escola. Foi utilizado um instrumento para caracterização sociodemográfica e condições de saúde, além dos constructos "Segurança do profissional e do paciente" e Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Foram realizadas análises univariadas entre o diagnóstico de COVID-19 e as características dos profissionais, aplicando-se a correlação de Kendell entre os constructos. Resultados: o diagnóstico de COVID-19 apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os profissionais que trabalhavam há mais de seis anos na unidade (p=0,020) e os itens do constructo "Segurança do profissional e do paciente" referentes às dúvidas sobre como retirar o equipamento de proteção individual (p=0,013) e fluxo seguro (p=0,021). As dimensões 2 (p=0,003), 3 (p=0,009), 4 (p=0,013), 6 (p<0,001) e 9 (p=0,024) do Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture foram associadas à realização de treinamentos. Conclusão: maior tempo de experiência profissional do profissional de enfermagem esteve associado a não infecção por COVID-19. A percepção de cultura de segurança do paciente esteve relacionada à realização de treinamentos.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar la seguridad de los profesionales de enfermería y la cultura de seguridad del paciente durante su actuación profesional en el cuidado de pacientes sospechosos o con COVID-19. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 90 profesionales de unidades críticas de dos hospitales universitarios. Se utilizó un instrumento de caracterización sociodemográfica y de condiciones de salud, además de los constructos "Seguridad del profesional y del paciente" y Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Se realizaron análisis univariados entre el diagnóstico de COVID-19 y las características de los profesionales y se aplicó la correlación de Kendell entre los constructos. Resultados: el diagnóstico de COVID-19 mostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los profesionales que actuaron por más de seis años en la unidad (p=0,020) y los ítems del constructo "Seguridad del profesional y del paciente" referentes a dudas sobre cómo retirar el Equipo de Protección Personal (p=0,013) y flujo seguro (p=0,021). Las dimensiones 2 (p=0,003), 3 (p=0,009), 4 (p=0,013), 6 (p<0,001) y 9 (p=0,024) del Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture se asociaron a la realización de formación. Conclusión: mayor tiempo de experiencia profesional de enfermería se asoció con la no infección por COVID-19. La percepción de la cultura de seguridad del paciente se relacionó con la realización de entrenamiento.

Are patient volume and care level in teaching hospitals variables affecting clinical outcomes in adult intensive care units?

Teixeira et al. showed that patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in a non-metropolitan region needed more support, had worse prognostic indices, and had a higher nursing workload in the first 24 hours of admission. In addition, worse outcomes, including mortality, need for dialysis, pressure injury, infection, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and prolonged hospital stay, were observed in the teaching hospital. Worse outcomes were more prevalent in the teaching hospital. Understanding the importance of teaching hospitals to implement well-established care protocols is critical. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of teaching (HI) and nonteaching (without an academic affiliation; H2) hospitals. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, adult patients hospitalized between August 2018 and July 2019, with a minimum length of stay of 24 hours in the intensive care unit, were included. Patients with no essential information in their medical records to evaluate the study outcomes were excluded. Resuslts: Overall, 219 patients participated in this study. The clinical and demographic characteristics of patients in H1 and H2 were similar. The most prevalent clinical outcomes were death, need for dialysis, pressure injury, length of hospital stay, mechanical ventilation >48 hours, and infection, all of which were more prevalent in the teaching hospital. CONCLUSION: Worse outcomes were more prevalent in the teaching hospital. There was no difference between the institutions concerning the survival rate of patients as a function of length of hospital stay; however, a difference was observed in intensive care unit admissions.

Safety of nursing professionals and patient facing COVID-19 pandemic in critical care unit.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate nursing professionals and patient safety culture during the professional performance in the care of suspected or infected patients with COVID-19. METHOD: a cross-sectional study carried out with 90 professionals from critical care units of two teaching hospitals. An instrument for sociodemographic characterization and health conditions was used, in addition to the constructs "Nursing professional and patient safety" and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Univariate analyzes were performed between the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the characteristics of Nursing professionals, applying Kendell's correlation between the constructs. RESULTS: the COVID-19 diagnosis presented a significant statistical difference between nursing professionals that worked for more than six years at the critical care unit (p=0.020) and the items of the construct "Nursing professional and patient safety" regarding the doubts about how to remove the personal protective equipment (p=0.013) and safety flow (p=0,021). The dimensions 2 (p=0.003), 3 (p=0.009), 4 (p=0.013), 6 (p<0.001), and 9 (p=0.024) of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture were associated with the accomplishment of training. CONCLUSION: a higher professional nursing experience time was associated with non-infection by COVID-19. The perception of the safety culture of the patient was related to the accomplishment of training.

Are patient volume and care level in teaching hospitals variables affecting clinical outcomes in adult intensive care units?

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of teaching (HI) and nonteaching (without an academic affiliation; H2) hospitals. Methods In this prospective cohort study, adult patients hospitalized between August 2018 and July 2019, with a minimum length of stay of 24 hours in the intensive care unit, were included. Patients with no essential information in their medical records to evaluate the study outcomes were excluded. Results Overall, 219 patients participated in this study. The clinical and demographic characteristics of patients in H1 and H2 were similar. The most prevalent clinical outcomes were death, need for dialysis, pressure injury, length of hospital stay, mechanical ventilation >48 hours, and infection, all of which were more prevalent in the teaching hospital. Conclusion Worse outcomes were more prevalent in the teaching hospital. There was no difference between the institutions concerning the survival rate of patients as a function of length of hospital stay; however, a difference was observed in intensive care unit admissions.

Educational Nursing Intervention in Reducing Hospital Readmission and the Mortality of Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: Heart failure (HF) represents a public health problem due to its high morbidity and mortality, increased consumption of health resources, prolonged hospitalization, and frequent readmissions. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing educational intervention using home visits (HV) combined with telephone contact in reducing hospital readmission and the mortality of patients with HF. (2) Methods: This is systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The databases used were CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed and SciELO. A gray literature search included Google Scholar, OpenThesis, Clinical trials and reference lists of eligible studies. RCTs of patients diagnosed with HF were included, distributed between the control group (CG) and intervention (IG), in which the IG was submitted to the nursing intervention with HV and telephone contact in association and analyzed the result of readmission and mortality. (3) Results: The search resulted in 2528 articles and, after following steps, 11 remained for final analysis. A total of 1417 patients were analyzed and distributed: 683 in the IG and 734 in the CG. As a primary outcome, the meta-analysis identified a 36% reduction in the risk of readmission [RR 0.64, 95% CI, 0.54−0.75, p < 0.01] and a 35% reduction in mortality in the IG [RR 0.65, 95% CI, 0.50−0.85, p < 0.01]. Heterogeneity was moderate for readmission and homogeneous for mortality. (4) Conclusions: HV and telephone contact are an effective intervention strategy for nurses' educational practice.

Long-Term Outcomes in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Associated Factors: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of focal lesion (FL) after a severe traumatic brain injury is an important factor in determining morbidity and mortality. Despite this relevance, few studies show the pattern of recovery of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with FL within one year. The objective of this study was to identify the pattern of recovery, independence to perform activities of daily living (ADL), and factors associated with mortality and unfavorable outcome at six and twelve months after severe TBI with FL. METHODOLOGY: This is a prospective cohort, with data collected at admission, hospital discharge, three, six, and twelve months after TBI. RESULTS: The study included 131 adults with a mean age of 34.08 years. At twelve months, 39% of the participants died, 80% were functionally independent by the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended, 79% by the Disability Rating Scale, 79% were independent for performing ADLs by the Katz Index, and 53.9% by the Lawton Scale. Report of alcohol intake, sedation time, length of stay in intensive care (ICU LOS), Glasgow Coma Scale, trauma severity indices, hyperglycemia, blood glucose, and infection were associated with death. At six and twelve months, tachypnea, age, ICU LOS, trauma severity indices, respiratory rate, multiple radiographic injuries, and cardiac rate were associated with dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Patients have satisfactory functional recovery up to twelve months after trauma, with an accentuated improvement in the first three months. Clinical and sociodemographic variables were associated with post-trauma outcomes. Almost all victims of severe TBI with focal lesions evolved to death or independence.

Performance of the Modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score in Patients With and Without Traumatic Brain Injury.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (mREMS) is a recently published index to estimate the severity of trauma patients; however, little is known about its performance in patients with different types of trauma. This study verified the predictive capacity of mREMS in-hospital mortality in patients of blunt and penetrating trauma with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the performance of this index compared with the Rapid Emergency Medicine Score, Injury Severity Score, New Injury Severity Score, and Trauma and Injury Severity Score. METHODS: This is a retrospective, correlational study that analyzed trauma patients 18 years or older, who attended at a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied in the analyses. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 987 patients, 359 (36.4%) with TBI (225 blunt and 134 penetrating trauma). Regarding mREMS, the area under the ROC curve for TBI patients for in-hospital mortality was 0.506 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.404-0.609) for penetrating injuries and 0.486 (95% CI, 0.402-0.571) for blunt injuries; the values in patients without TBI were 0.629 (95% CI, 0.554-0.703) and 0.618 (95% CI, 0.552-0.684), respectively. In relation to the other indices the mREMS presented the lowest area under the curve/ROC for penetrating and blunt TBI, and the Rapid Emergency Medicine Score for extracranial injuries. CONCLUSION: The mREMS showed no prognostic capacity for patients with TBI, and it presented the worst performance in relation to the Injury Severity Score, New Injury Severity Score, and Trauma and Injury Severity Score to discriminate cases of in-hospital mortality when considering trauma patients with and without TBI.

[A riverine emergency health service: characteristics and factors related to patients' clinical evolution]. / Serviço fluvial de emergência: características e fatores relacionados à evolução clínica dos atendidos.

The study aimed to describe the profile of patients and the care provided by the Mobile Riverine Emergency Medical Service (SAMU) in river-dwelling communities of the Amazon and to identify factors related to patients' evolution during care by this service. This descriptive study was conducted in two stages: in the first, the data were obtained on care for individuals in the service from 2009 to 2015; in the second, the data collection was prospective during the first semester of 2016, and patients' evolution was assessed with the Rapid Emergency Medicine Score. In all the periods analyzed, some 90% of the care included medical evacuation, varying over the years as to the type of boat used most frequently in transporting the patients. The most frequent reasons for care were signs and symptoms of unknown etiology and external causes. Of the patients transported by the service in the first semester of 2016, 68.5% maintained their clinical status, 18% worsened, and 13.5% improved during care. For patients seen during this period, the mean response and total riverine care times were 84 and 172 minutes, respectively. There was an association between evolution and incidents involving venomous snakes, acute pain, age, initial severity, and destination of the patient. Causes of care were related to worsening clinical status during care, and patients who worsened were younger and in less serious condition and were more frequently evacuated to hospitals. The profile of patients and care in the riverine SAMU pointed to the need for a revision of this service's objectives and structuring.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil dos usuários e a assistência prestada pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) fluvial em comunidades ribeirinhas amazônicas e identificar fatores relacionados à evolução dos pacientes durante o atendimento desse serviço. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado em duas etapas: na primeira, os dados dos atendimentos dos indivíduos realizados pelo serviço de 2009 a 2015 foram a fonte de informações; na segunda, a coleta de dados foi prospectiva durante o primeiro semestre de 2016 e a evolução dos pacientes foi avaliada pelo Rapid Emergency Medicine Score. Em todos os períodos analisados, cerca de 90% dos atendimentos incluíram remoção, variando ao longo dos anos o tipo de embarcação mais utilizada no transporte. As causas dos atendimentos foram, predominantemente, sintomas e sinais de etiologia desconhecida ou causas externas. Dos pacientes transportados pelo serviço no primeiro semestre de 2016, 68,5% mantiveram o quadro clínico, 18% pioraram e 13,5% melhoraram durante o atendimento. Para os atendidos nesse período, os tempos médios, resposta e total de atendimento fluvial foram 84 e 172 minutos, respectivamente. Houve associação entre evolução e ocorrências com serpentes venenosas, presença de dor aguda, idade, gravidade inicial e destino do usuário. Causas de atendimento tiveram relação com o agravamento durante a assistência e os que pioraram eram mais jovens, de menor gravidade e foram, com maior frequência, encaminhados para hospitais. O perfil dos usuários e dos atendimentos do SAMU fluvial apontou para necessidade de revisão dos propósitos e de estruturação desse serviço.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el perfil de los usuarios y la asistencia prestada por el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia (SAMU) fluvial en comunidades ribereñas amazónicas, así como identificar factores relacionados con la evolución de los pacientes durante la atención de ese servicio. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo realizado en dos etapas: en la primera, la fuente de información fueron los datos de las consultas de los individuos, realizadas por el servicio de 2009 a 2015; en la segunda, la recogida de datos fue prospectiva durante el primer semestre de 2016 y la evolución de los pacientes fue evaluada por el Rapid Emergency Medicine Score. En todos los períodos analizados, cerca de un 90% de las consultas incluyeron desplazamiento, variando a lo largo de los años el tipo de embarcación más utilizada en el transporte. Las causas de la atención fueron, predominantemente, síntomas y señales de etiología desconocida o causas externas. De los pacientes transportados por el servicio en el primer semestre de 2016, un 68,5% mantuvieron el cuadro clínico, 18% empeoraron y 13,5% mejoraron durante la atención. Para los atendidos en ese período, los tiempos medios, respuesta y total de atención fluvial, fueron 84 y 172 minutos, respectivamente. Hubo asociación entre evolución y ocurrencias con serpientes venenosas, presencia de dolor agudo, edad, gravedad inicial y destino del usuario. Las causas de atención estuvieron relacionadas con el agravamiento durante la asistencia, y quienes empeoraron eran más jóvenes, de menor gravedad y fueron, con mayor frecuencia, dirigidos a hospitales. El perfil de los usuarios y de la atención del SAMU fluvial apuntó la necesidad de una revisión de los propósitos, así como de la estructuración de ese servicio.

Serviço fluvial de emergência: características e fatores relacionados à evolução clínica dos atendidos / A riverine emergency health service: characteristics and factors related to patients' clinical evolution / Servicio fluvial de emergencia: características y factores relacionados con la evolución clínica de los atendidos

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil dos usuários e a assistência prestada pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) fluvial em comunidades ribeirinhas amazônicas e identificar fatores relacionados à evolução dos pacientes durante o atendimento desse serviço. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado em duas etapas: na primeira, os dados dos atendimentos dos indivíduos realizados pelo serviço de 2009 a 2015 foram a fonte de informações; na segunda, a coleta de dados foi prospectiva durante o primeiro semestre de 2016 e a evolução dos pacientes foi avaliada pelo Rapid Emergency Medicine Score. Em todos os períodos analisados, cerca de 90% dos atendimentos incluíram remoção, variando ao longo dos anos o tipo de embarcação mais utilizada no transporte. As causas dos atendimentos foram, predominantemente, sintomas e sinais de etiologia desconhecida ou causas externas. Dos pacientes transportados pelo serviço no primeiro semestre de 2016, 68,5% mantiveram o quadro clínico, 18% pioraram e 13,5% melhoraram durante o atendimento. Para os atendidos nesse período, os tempos médios, resposta e total de atendimento fluvial foram 84 e 172 minutos, respectivamente. Houve associação entre evolução e ocorrências com serpentes venenosas, presença de dor aguda, idade, gravidade inicial e destino do usuário. Causas de atendimento tiveram relação com o agravamento durante a assistência e os que pioraram eram mais jovens, de menor gravidade e foram, com maior frequência, encaminhados para hospitais. O perfil dos usuários e dos atendimentos do SAMU fluvial apontou para necessidade de revisão dos propósitos e de estruturação desse serviço.

The study aimed to describe the profile of patients and the care provided by the Mobile Riverine Emergency Medical Service (SAMU) in river-dwelling communities of the Amazon and to identify factors related to patients' evolution during care by this service. This descriptive study was conducted in two stages: in the first, the data were obtained on care for individuals in the service from 2009 to 2015; in the second, the data collection was prospective during the first semester of 2016, and patients' evolution was assessed with the Rapid Emergency Medicine Score. In all the periods analyzed, some 90% of the care included medical evacuation, varying over the years as to the type of boat used most frequently in transporting the patients. The most frequent reasons for care were signs and symptoms of unknown etiology and external causes. Of the patients transported by the service in the first semester of 2016, 68.5% maintained their clinical status, 18% worsened, and 13.5% improved during care. For patients seen during this period, the mean response and total riverine care times were 84 and 172 minutes, respectively. There was an association between evolution and incidents involving venomous snakes, acute pain, age, initial severity, and destination of the patient. Causes of care were related to worsening clinical status during care, and patients who worsened were younger and in less serious condition and were more frequently evacuated to hospitals. The profile of patients and care in the riverine SAMU pointed to the need for a revision of this service's objectives and structuring.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el perfil de los usuarios y la asistencia prestada por el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia (SAMU) fluvial en comunidades ribereñas amazónicas, así como identificar factores relacionados con la evolución de los pacientes durante la atención de ese servicio. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo realizado en dos etapas: en la primera, la fuente de información fueron los datos de las consultas de los individuos, realizadas por el servicio de 2009 a 2015; en la segunda, la recogida de datos fue prospectiva durante el primer semestre de 2016 y la evolución de los pacientes fue evaluada por el Rapid Emergency Medicine Score. En todos los períodos analizados, cerca de un 90% de las consultas incluyeron desplazamiento, variando a lo largo de los años el tipo de embarcación más utilizada en el transporte. Las causas de la atención fueron, predominantemente, síntomas y señales de etiología desconocida o causas externas. De los pacientes transportados por el servicio en el primer semestre de 2016, un 68,5% mantuvieron el cuadro clínico, 18% empeoraron y 13,5% mejoraron durante la atención. Para los atendidos en ese período, los tiempos medios, respuesta y total de atención fluvial, fueron 84 y 172 minutos, respectivamente. Hubo asociación entre evolución y ocurrencias con serpientes venenosas, presencia de dolor agudo, edad, gravedad inicial y destino del usuario. Las causas de atención estuvieron relacionadas con el agravamiento durante la asistencia, y quienes empeoraron eran más jóvenes, de menor gravedad y fueron, con mayor frecuencia, dirigidos a hospitales. El perfil de los usuarios y de la atención del SAMU fluvial apuntó la necesidad de una revisión de los propósitos, así como de la estructuración de ese servicio.

Lockdown as an Intervention Measure to Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19: a modeling study.

INTRODUCTION: This work aims to develop a biomathematical transmission model of COVID-19, in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, to estimate the distribution of cases over time and project the impact on the spread of the epidemic outbreak due to interventions and control measures over the local population. METHODS: This is an epidemiological mathematical modeling study conducted to analyze the dynamics of the accumulated cases of COVID-19, which used a logistic growth model that adds a term of withdrawal of individuals as a control measure. Three possible COVID-19 propagation scenarios were simulated based on three different rates of withdrawal of individuals. They were adjusted with real data of the infected and measures of control over the population. RESULTS: The lockdown would be the best scenario, with a lower incidence of infected people, when compared to the other measures. The number of infected people would grow slowly over the months, and the number of symptomatic individuals in this scenario would be 40,265 cases. We noticed that the State of Sergipe is still in the initial stage of the disease in the scenarios. It was possible to observe that the peak of cases and the equilibrium, in the current situation of social isolation, will occur when reaching the new support capacity, at the end of August in approximately 1,171,353 infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: We established that lockdown is the intervention with the highest ability to mitigate the spread of the virus among the population.

Lockdown as an intervention measure to mitigate the spread of COVID-19: a modeling study / Lockdown como medida de intervenção para mitigar a propagação da COVID-19: um estudo de modelagem

Introduction: This work aims to develop a biomathematical model of transmission of COVID-19, in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, to estimate the distribution of cases over time and to project the impact on the spread of the epidemic outbreak due to interventions and control measures on the local population. Methods: Epidemiological mathematical modeling study, carried out to analyze the dynamics of accumulated cases of COVID-19, which used a logistic growth model that adds a term of withdrawal of individuals as a control measure. Three possible scenarios of COVID-19 propagation based on three different withdrawal rates of individuals were simulated. Each of the rates is adjusted with actual data on the number of infected and control measures on the population. Results: The extreme measure of total isolation, or lockdown, would be the best scenario, presenting a lower incidence of infected, when compared to the other measures. The number of infected would grow slowly over the months and the number of symptomatic individuals in this scenario would be 40,265 cases. It was noticed that the State of Sergipe is still in the initial phase of the disease, in any of the scenarios. It was possible to observe that the peak of cases and balance, in the current scenario of social isolation, will take place when the new support capacity is reached, at the end of August in approximately 1,171,353 infected individuals. Conclusion: It was noticed that lockdown is the intervention with greater capacity to mitigate the spread of the virus by the population. Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus Infection, Social Isolation, Epidemiology.

Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo biomatemático de transmisión de la enfermedad COVID-19, en el estado Sergipe, Brasil, a fin de estimar la distribución de los casos a lo largo del tiempo y proyectar el impacto de las intervenciones y medidas de control sobre la población local sobre la propagación del brote epidémico. Métodos: Estudio de modelaje matemático epidemiológico, realizado para analizar la dinámica de los casos acumulados de COVID-19, utilizando un modelo de crecimiento logístico que agrega un término de retirada de individuos como medida de control. Fueron simulados tres posibles escenarios de propagación de COVID-19 basados en tres diferentes tasas de retirada de individuos. Cada una de las tasas fue ajustada con datos reales sobre el número de infectados y las medidas de control sobre la población.  Resultados: La medida extrema de aislamiento total, el lockdown, sería el mejor escenario, presentando menor incidencia de infectados, comparando con las demás medidas. El número de infectados crecería lentamente a lo largo de los meses y el número de individuos sintomáticos en ese escenario sería de 40.265 casos. En todos los escenarios estudiados, se percibió que el estado Sergipe aún se encuentra en la fase inicial de la enfermedad.  Fue posible observar que el pico de los casos y el equilibrio, en el escenario actual de aislamiento social, se darán al alcanzar la nueva capacidad soporte, al final de agosto con aproximadamente 1.171.353 individuos infectados. Conclusión: Se percibió que el lockdown es la intervención con mayor capacidad de mitigar la propagación del virus en la población.

Introdução: Este trabalho visa desenvolver um modelo biomatemático de transmissão da COVID-19, no estado de Sergipe, Brasil, a fim de estimar a distribuição dos casos ao longo do tempo e projetar o impacto na propagação do surto epidêmico devido às intervenções e medidas de controle sobre a população local. Métodos: Estudo de modelagem matemática epidemiológica, realizado para analisar a dinâmica dos casos acumulados de COVID-19, que utilizou um modelo de crescimento logístico que adiciona um termo de retirada de indivíduos como medida de controle. Foram simulados três possíveis cenários de propagação da COVID-19 baseados em três diferentes taxas de retirada de indivíduos. Cada uma das taxas é ajustada com dados reais sobre número de infetados e as medidas de controle sobre a população.  Resultados: A medida extrema de isolamento total, ou lockdown, seria o melhor cenário, apresentando menor incidência de infectados, quando comparado às demais medidas. O número de infectados cresceria vagarosamente ao longo dos meses e o número de indivíduos sintomáticos nesse cenário seria de 40.265 casos. Percebeu-se que o Estado de Sergipe ainda encontra-se na fase inicial da doença, em quaisquer dos cenários. Foi possível observar que o pico dos casos e o equilíbrio, no cenário atual de isolamento social, se darão quando atingir a nova capacidade suporte, ao final de agosto em aproximadamente 1.171.353 indivíduos infectados. Conclusão: Percebeu-se que o lockdown é a intervenção com maior capacidade de mitigação da propagação do vírus pela população.

Lockdown as an Intervention Measure to Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19: a modeling study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This work aims to develop a biomathematical transmission model of COVID-19, in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, to estimate the distribution of cases over time and project the impact on the spread of the epidemic outbreak due to interventions and control measures over the local population. METHODS: This is an epidemiological mathematical modeling study conducted to analyze the dynamics of the accumulated cases of COVID-19, which used a logistic growth model that adds a term of withdrawal of individuals as a control measure. Three possible COVID-19 propagation scenarios were simulated based on three different rates of withdrawal of individuals. They were adjusted with real data of the infected and measures of control over the population. RESULTS: The lockdown would be the best scenario, with a lower incidence of infected people, when compared to the other measures. The number of infected people would grow slowly over the months, and the number of symptomatic individuals in this scenario would be 40,265 cases. We noticed that the State of Sergipe is still in the initial stage of the disease in the scenarios. It was possible to observe that the peak of cases and the equilibrium, in the current situation of social isolation, will occur when reaching the new support capacity, at the end of August in approximately 1,171,353 infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: We established that lockdown is the intervention with the highest ability to mitigate the spread of the virus among the population.

Impacto do controle glicêmico intensivo na lesão renal aguda: ensaio clínico randomizado / Impacto del control glucémico intensivo en la lesión renal aguda: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Impact of intensive glycemic control on acute renal injury: a randomized clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto do controle glicêmico intensivo na redução da incidência de lesão renal aguda em pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado que avaliou 95 pacientes submetidos a duas estratégias de controle glicêmico. Os pacientes foram randomizados para o grupo intervenção (GI), com a meta de manutenção da glicemia pós-operatória entre 90 e 110 mg/dl. Nos pacientes alocados no grupo convencional (GC) o objetivo era a manutenção da glicemia entre 140 e 180 mg/dl. O ajuste da dose de insulina foi baseado em medições de glicose no sangue arterial não diluído, em intervalos de uma hora por meio de um sistema de monitoramento de glicose e beta-cetona no sangue. Resultados A incidência de LRA foi de 53,7% (KDIGO estágios 1, 2 ou 3). Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos quanto ao desfecho primário (p=0,294). Entretanto, observou-se maior frequência de recuperação da função renal (p=0,010), na alta da UTI (p=0,028) e alta hospitalar (p=0,048) entre os pacientes submetidos ao controle glicêmico convencional. A utilização do controle glicêmico intensivo esteve associada com maior tempo de permanência na UTI (p=0,031). O número de episódios de hipoglicemia foi semelhante nos dois grupos (1,6 ± 0,9 vs. 1,3 ± 0,6, p=0,731), demonstrando a segurança das estratégias utilizadas. Conclusão Não se observou o impacto do controle glicêmico intensivo na redução da incidência de lesão renal aguda. Em contrapartida, os pacientes tratados no GC apresentaram maior frequência de recuperação da função renal.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto del control glucémico intensivo en la reducción de la incidencia de lesión renal aguda en pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca. Métodos Ensayo clínico aleatorizado que analizó 95 pacientes sometidos a dos estrategias de control glucémico. Los pacientes fueron colocados de forma aleatoria en el grupo experimental (GE), con el objetivo de mantener la glucemia posoperatoria entre 90 y 110 mg/dl. El objetivo para los pacientes ubicados en el grupo convencional (GC) era mantener la glucemia entre 140 y 180 mg/dl. El ajuste de la dosis de insulina se basó en mediciones de glucosa en sangre arterial no diluida, en intervalos de una hora mediante un sistema de monitoreo de glucosa y beta-cetona en sangre. Resultados: La incidencia de LRA fue de 53,7% (KDIGO nivel 1, 2 o 3). No hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos con relación al criterio principal de valoración (p=0,294). Sin embargo, se observó mayor frecuencia de recuperación de la función renal (p=0,010), en el alta de la UCI (p=0,028) y alta hospitalaria (p=0,048) en pacientes sometidos al control glucémico convencional. La utilización del control glucémico intensivo estuvo relacionada con mayor tiempo de permanencia en la UCI (p=0,031). El número de episodios de hipoglucemia fue parecido en los dos grupos (1,6 ± 0,9 vs. 1,3 ± 0,6, p=0,731), lo que demuestra la seguridad de las estrategias utilizadas. Conclusión No se observó el impacto del control glucémico intensivo en la reducción de la incidencia de lesión renal aguda. Por otro lado, los pacientes tratados en el GC presentaron mayor frecuencia de recuperación de la función renal.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of intensive glycemic control on the reduction of the incidence of acute renal injury in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Randomized clinical trial, evaluating 95 patients undergoing two glycemic control strategies. Patients were randomized to the intervention n group (IG), with the goal of maintaining postoperative glycemia between 90 and 110 mg/dl. For patients allocated into the conventional group (CG) the goal was to maintain glycaemia between 140 and 180 mg/dl. The insulin dose adjustment was based on undiluted arterial blood glucose measurements at one hour intervals, by means of a blood glucose and beta-ketone monitoring system. Results The incidence of acute kidney injury was 53.7% (KDIGO stages 1, 2 or 3). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the primary outcome (p=0.294). However, a greater frequency of complete renal function recovery (p = 0.010), ICU discharge (p = 0.028), and hospital discharge (p = 0.048) was found among patients undergoing conventional glycemic control. The use of intensive glycemic control was associated with longer ICU stay (p=0.031). The number of episodes of hypoglycemia was similar in both groups (1.6±0.9 vs. 1.3±0.6, p=0.731), demonstrating the safety of the strategies used. Conclusion The impact of intensive glycemic control on reducing the incidence of acute kidney injury was not observed. In contrast, patients treated in the CG had a higher frequency of complete renal function recovery.

Behavioral Changes and Associated Factors After Diffuse Axonal Injury.

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a frequent injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), which causes cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Behavioral changes after DAI affect the patients' quality of life, in addition to causing great damage to their family and society. This study aimed to analyze the behavioral changes of patients with DAI according to family members and to identify the associated factors. This study included patients with DAI, aged between 18 and 60 years, who presented to a referral hospital for traumatic injuries. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 2 evaluations of family members at 3, 6, and 12 months posttrauma. Behavioral changes were evaluated using a questionnaire designed to identify changes according to the perception of family members. The mixed-effects model was applied to identify significant behavioral changes, the effect of time on these changes, and the association between sociodemographic variables, DAI severity, and behavioral changes. Anxiety, dependency, depression, irritability, memory, and mood swings were significantly different (p ≤ .05) before and after trauma. An analysis of the evolution of these behaviors showed that the changes persisted with the same intensity up to 12 months posttrauma. There was an association between depression and income, age and irritability, and DAI severity and dependency. Unfavorable behavioral changes were frequent consequences of DAI, and no improvement in these changes was noted up to 12 months after the injury. Income, age, and DAI severity were related to behavioral changes.

Diffuse Axonal Injury: Epidemiology, Outcome and Associated Risk Factors.

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), a type of traumatic injury, is known for its severe consequences. However, there are few studies describing the outcomes of DAI and the risk factors associated with it. This study aimed to describe the outcome for patients with a primary diagnosis of DAI 6 months after trauma and to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with mortality and dependence at this time point. Seventy-eight patients with DAI were recruited from July 2013 to February 2014 in a prospective cohort study. Patient outcome was analyzed using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) within 6 months of the traumatic injury. The mean Injury Severity Score was 35.0 (SD = 11.9), and the mean New Injury Severity Score (NISS) was 46.2 (SD = 15.9). Mild DAI was observed in 44.9% of the patients and severe DAI in 35.9%. Six months after trauma, 30.8% of the patients had died, and 45.1% had shown full recovery according to the GOS-E. In the logistic regression model, the severity variables - DAI with hypoxia, as measured by peripheral oxygen saturation, and hypotension with NISS value - had a statistically significant association with patient mortality; on the other hand, severity of DAI and length of hospital stay were the only significant predictors for dependence. Therefore, severity of DAI emerged as a risk factor for both mortality and dependence.

Recuperação das vítimas de lesão axonial difusa e fatores associados / Outcome of diffuse axonal injury victims and associated factors

Introdução: A lesão axonial difusa (LAD) se destaca entre os ferimentos traumáticos pela gravidade de suas consequências. Entretanto, são poucas as pesquisas que descrevem a recuperação das vítimas e os fatores associados às consequências dessa lesão. Ampliar o conhecimento nessa área e relevante para introduzir novas técnicas na assistência prestada, planejar tratamentos e monitorar a evolução das vítimas. Objetivo: Descrever a recuperação das vítimas com diagnóstico principal de LAD ate 6 meses após trauma e identificar fatores sociodemograficos e clínicos associados a óbito e dependência aos 6 meses após a lesão. Método: Estudo do tipo coorte prospectivo, com dados coletados na internação, alta hospitalar, 3 e 6 meses após a LAD. Fizeram parte do estudo vítimas de LAD com idade 18 anos e 60 anos, admitidas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de julho de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014, com escore na escala de coma de Glasgow (ECGl) 8. A recuperação das vítimas de LAD foi analisada pelas diferenças dos resultados da aplicação da escala de Katz e escala de resultados de Glasgow ampliada (ERGA) em 3 períodos de avaliação (alta, 3 e 6 meses após LAD). Foram testadas associações entre variáveis de interesse e óbito, além de dependência até avaliação final. A regressão logística múltipla foi utilizada para identificar modelos para esses desfechos. Resultados: A casuística compôs-se de 78 vítimas com idade média de 32 anos (dp=11,9), 83,3% envolvida em acidentes de transporte e 89,7% do sexo masculino. A média do Injury Severity Score foi de 35,0 (dp=11,9) e do New Injury Severity Score (NISS), 46,2 (dp=15,9).Para a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale/cabeça, a média foi de 4,6 (dp=0,5). LAD leve foi observada em 44,9% das vítimas e a grave em 35,9%. Até 6 meses, 30,8% das vítimas foram a óbito e a pontuação média na ERGA dos sobreviventes evoluiu de 3,8 (dp=1,2) na alta para 2,1 (dp=1,6) aos 3 meses e 1,2 (dp=1,6) na avaliação final. Para a escala de Katz, as médias foram de 8,5 (dp=5,5) na alta, de 3,2 (dp= 5,5) aos 3 meses e 1,8 (dp=4,5) aos 6 meses. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram observadas na comparação dos resultados de todos os tempos. Apresentaram significância estatística no modelo de regressão logística para óbito as variáveis de gravidade da LAD com hipóxia pela SpO2 e hipotensão com NISS; para dependência, a gravidade da LAD e tempo de internação hospitalar permaneceram no modelo isoladamente. Conclusões: Foi elevada a mortalidade; entretanto, a grande maioria dos sobreviventes alcançou condições condizentes com vida independente aos 6 meses. Nesse período, a recuperação das vítimas foi expressiva, ainda que mais acentuada nos 3 primeiros meses. A LAD grave destacou-se como fator de risco para óbito e dependência. A quase totalidade das vítimas com essa lesão morreu ou estava dependente aos 6 meses após trauma. Como fatores de risco para óbito, também foram identificados o NISS, a hipóxia pela SpO2 e a hipotensão e, para dependência, o tempo de internação hospitalar.

Introduction: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) stands out from other traumatic injuries because of the severity of its consequences. However, few studies describe outcome and the factors associated to outcome of this type of injury. Enhance knowledge in this area is important to introduce new techniques in the delivery of care, treatment planning and to monitor the recovery of DAI. Objective: Describe outcome of victims with primary diagnosis of DAI 6 months after trauma and identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated to mortality and dependence 6 months after injury. Method: Prospective cohort study with data from admission, discharge, 3 and 6 months after DAI. Participants were DAI victims aged 18 years and 60 years old, admitted to the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo from July 2013 to February 2014, with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 8. The outcome of victims was analyzed by the differences found between the results of the Katz scale and the Extended Glasgow Outcome scale (GOS-E) in three different periods (discharge, 3 and 6 months after DAI). Associations between variables of interest and mortality, and dependence to final evaluation were tested. Multiple logistic regression was applied to identify models of these outcomes. Results: The sample consisted of 78 victims with an average age of 32 years (SD=11.9), 83.3% involved in traffic accidents, and 89.7% were male. The mean Injury Severity Score was 35.0 (SD=11.9) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) was 46.2 (SD=15.9). For the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale/head, the average was 4.6 (SD=0.5). Mild DAI was observed in 44.9% of the victims and severe DAI was observed in 35.9%. Up to 6 months, 30.8% of the victims died and the average score in GOS-E survivors increased from 3.8 (SD=1.2) at discharge to 2.1 (SD=1.6) at 3 months and 1.2 (SD=1.6) at the final evaluation.According to Katz scale, the average was 8.5 (SD=5.5) at discharge, 3.2 (SD=5.5) at 3 months and 1.8 (SD=4.5) at 6 months. Statistically significant differences were observed comparing the results from all periods. In the regression model for mortality the variables of DAI severity with hypoxia by SpO2 and hypotension with NISS were statistically relevant; for dependence, the DAI severity and the hospitalization period remained in the model alone. Conclusions: Besides the high mortality, the vast majority of survivors reached conditions consistent with independent living at 6 months after injury. During this period, the recovery of victims was increased, although more pronounced in the first 3 months. Severe DAI stood out as a risk factor for mortality and dependence. Almost all the victims died or were dependent six months after trauma. NISS, hypoxia by SpO2 and hypotension were also identified as risk factors related to mortality; the length of hospitalization was identified as a risk factor related to dependence on outcome.

Quality of life of victims of traumatic brain injury six months after the trauma.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the quality of life of victims of traumatic brain injury six months after the event and to show the relationship between the results observed and the clinical, sociodemographic and return to productivity data. METHOD: data were analyzed from 47 victims assisted in a trauma reference hospital in the municipality of Aracaju and monitored in an outpatient neurosurgery clinic. The data were obtained through analysis of the patient records and structured interviews, with the application of the World Health Organization Quality of Life, brief version, questionnaire. RESULTS: the victims presented positive perceptions of their quality of life, and the physical domain presented the highest mean value (68.4±22.9). Among the sociodemographic characteristics, a statistically significant correlation was found between marital status and the psychological domain. However, the return to productivity was related to all the domains. CONCLUSION: the return to productivity was an important factor for the quality of life of the victims of traumatic brain injury and should direct the public policies in promoting the health of these victims.